PROCEDURES FOR ASSEMBLING A COMPUTER

Procedures for assembling a computer
Discussion on the module assembling materials and computer troubleshooting is divided into three parts, namely:
1. Introduction to Computer Technology with the approach of hardware (hardware approach) that explain part of the overall computer either in detail the distribution systems and approaches to facilitate the introduction of computer hardware in a comprehensive and applicable.

2. Computer assembling, explaining how assemble a computer with practical guidance along with pictures and explanations.
3. Troubleshooting, describes detection of errors in assembling computers and solutions.
Introduction to Computer Hardware
In summary, the computer system comprises three important components
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit) / Processor
2. Memory (RAM and ROM)
3. Input / Output.
In simple block diagram can be seen in figure 1.1


Where part CPU / Processor, Memory and I / O Port is located (installed) on the Mother board, will then be broken down parts of the computer are:
1. Central Processing Unit / Processor
The main part of the computer because the processor functions to regulate all activity on the computer. Speed of the processor unit is MHz (Mega Hertz) or GHz (1000 megahertz), whereby the greater the value the faster the process of execution on a computer.
2. Memory
Memory function for storing data and programs. Various types of memory is the fastest access until late. Based on the access speed of the memory hierarchy can be made as in table 1.1. follows.


Besides stating the relationship of speed, hierarchical relationships also states - another relationship, ie:
Relationships Price:

1. The more the bottom is getting cheaper prices. (Prices are calculated based on the amount per bit of data is stored).
2. Relationship Capacity: The above is generally more limited capacity.
3. Usage frequency relationship: The higher the frequency of access or older.

Every time the processor executes, processors must read the instructions from main memory. Agara instruction can be done quickly so should be sought instruction is available in memory on the hierarchy of higher-speed access. Execution speed will increase system performance. For that there are two levels of memory concept, which once housed temporarily in memory at the higher hierarchy.

2.1 Register Memory
Is a type of memory where the access speed of the fastest, have memory on the CPU / Processor.
Example: Data register, address register, Stack Pointer Register, Memory Addresss Register, I / O Address Register, Instruction Register, etc..

2.2 Cache Memory
Limited memory capacity, high speed is more expensive than main memory. Cache memory is there between the main memory and processor registers, processor not functioning to directly refer to the main memory so that performance can be improved.

Cache Memory, there are two types, namely:

1. Cache memory embedded on the internal processor, this type of cache memory access speed is very high, and very expensive. This can be seen in such high-priced processor P4, P3, AMD Athlon, etc., the higher the capacity of L1, L2 memory Chace is increasingly expensive and increasingly ceppat Processor.
2. Memory cache found outside Processor, which is located on the motherboard, this type of memory access speed is very high, although not as fast as the memory chache first kind (which is on the internal processor). The bigger the capacity the more expensive and faster. This can be seen on a motherboard with a wide range of cache memory capacity of 256KB, 512KB, 1Mb, 2Mb etc.

2.3. Main Memory
Memory serves to store data and programs. Main Memory Type:

1. ROM (Read Only Memory) is memory that can only be read only data or program. On the PC, the ROM contained in the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) found on the Mother Board which functions to download the settings of existing peripherals on system.Contoh: AMIBIOS, AWARD BIOS, the BIOS there beragamjenis dllROM for such type of Flash EEPROM BIOS that has the ability for the program can be replaced with software provided by the manufacturer perusahhan the Mother Board, which is generally replacement for increased performance of the existing peripherals on the Mother Board.
2. RAM (Random Access Memory) which has the ability to change data or programs stored therein.

There But some types of RAM available in the market today:

1. SRAM
2. EDORAM
3. SDRAM
4. DDRAM
5. RDRAM
6. VGRAM
7. Etc..

* In memory of RAM BUS SPEED known terms, such as PC66, PC100, PC 133, PC200, PC 400 etc. which means it is the speed of the flow of data or programs on the memory where the bigger the value BUS SPEED, the faster access to memory.
4.2 Secondary Memory
An additional memory function to store data or programs. Examples: hard disk, floppy disk etc.
The relationship between Chace Memory, Main Memory and Secondary Memory can be explained by drawing 1.3, the following:



3. Input / Output Unit
Input / Output Unit is part of the computer to receive data and remove / display the data after processing by the processor. To facilitate discussion of the Input / Output unit, in this book will be explained in two parts, namely:

1. I / O ports
2. Peripheral I / O

1.3 I / O Port
Port I / O is the Port or Gate or place conector installation of the equipment I / O. Where every port I / O under the control of the processor.

1. Parallel port (LPT1 or LPT2): Represents the port to equipment that works in parallel with data transmission. Examples of equipment that uses these ports are: Printer, Scanner etc.
2. Serial port (COM1, COM2): This is the port for devices that work with serial data transmissions. Examples of equipment that uses these ports are: Mouse, Modem, etc..
3. Port AT / PS2: This port is generally used for input from the Keyboard, Mouse.
4. USB Port: USB port (Universal Serial Bus) port is a universal serial port for devices that work with serial data transmission. Examples of equipment that uses USB ports: Digital Camera
5. VGA port: A port that relate directly to the monitor. Obtained from the installation of the VGA port VGA Card.
6. Audio ports: Represents the port that relate directly to audio equipment such as Tape, Radio, Speaker, Microphone, etc..



2.3 Peripherals I / O
Peripherals are something that refers to the external equipment connected to the computer.
Computer peripherals can be divided into two categories based on function. The first category consists of devices that perform input and output operations, this category includes the keyboard, trackball, mouse, printers and video displays. The second category consists of tools focused on secondary data storage, where storage is mainly provided by the main memory komputer.Ada lots of storage equipment, such as magnetic disks, optical disks, magnetic tapes, which is able to store large data.
In this book will be introduced to the equipment commonly used in Personal Computer (PC):

1. KeyBoard
2. Monitor
3. Mouse
4. Printers
5. Scanner
6. Disk Drive, Zip Drive
7. CD ROM Drive

4. Computer Hardware developments
The development of electronic technology of the most rapidly and widely used in many areas in menyelasaikan work or to obtain information is nothing but a computer. These developments caused by the development of computer microprocessors (processors) as the brain in dealing with the whole of a working computer.
1.4 The development of Intel's Microprocessor and Personal Computer (PC)
In accordance with the time evolution of successive generations of new processors that are emerging with the perfomance of more sophisticated, both in terms of quality and complexity.
Development of processor type:

1. XT 8086 - 8088
2. AT 286, AT 386, AT 486
3. Pentium I: AT 80 586 with 50 MHz, 70 MHz, 1990 Mhz, 100 Mhz, 133 Mhz
4. Pentium II 266 Mhz., 300 Mhz, 350 Mhz, 400 Mhz, 450 Mhz.
5. Pentium III 500 Mhz, 550 Mhz, 600 Mhz, 650 Mhz, 700 Mhz.
6. And now the latest generation of Pentium IV

2.4 Processor other than Intel and its development
Lucrative market share for Computer technology in Indonesia has caused the existing processor in the market not only Intel products Co. but another company like AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) and Cyrix also issued some type of processor that trying to match products from Intel.
Products from AMD, among others:
AMD K-5, AMD K-6, AMD K6-2, AMD K6-3, AMD K-7, AMD Duron, AMD Athlon. Where is AMD's products are apparently few and recently surpassed the capabilities of Intel products.
Here is a comparison of data architecture AMD and Intel products and the results of Benchmark (Test Reliability uProcessor). AMD processor known as a cheaper price with the reliability that is not inferior to Intel's product.

In addition to AMD, Processor other brands in the market of Indonesia is brand processor Cyrix 6x86 Cyrix ie, M-II, and M-III, Cyrix brand Processor but unfortunately this does not seberhasil AMD to create a rival to Intel processors.
The following will display some Image Processor:


In addition to AMD, Processor other brands in the market of Indonesia is brand processor Cyrix 6x86 Cyrix ie, M-II, and M-III, Cyrix brand Processor but unfortunately this does not seberhasil AMD to create a rival to Intel processors.
The following will display some Image Processor:

That must be considered in selecting or assembling Mother board is that each motherboard has different specifications for each brand or type, among others:
1. Every motherboard has a pair with a particular processor, ie type of socket or slot that is available to the processor.
2. Motherboard ability to be in the Up-grade to how many processor speed. Generally, the motherboard is able to be upgraded by replacing the processor. Information on this is very important to purchase a motherboard with pertimbangn to be upgraded.
3. RAM memory capacity that can be mounted on the motherboard greater memory capacity disediakn more profitable.
4. Slots available for each type of RAM, for example, how many slots are reserved for EDO RAM, SDRAM, etc.
5. The motherboard is the BIOS settings (software) or in the jumper settings.
6. The number of slots for PCI and ISA. Slot slot is very useful for penmbahan peripherals such as audio card.
7. Does Support for AGP motherboard for VGA card, AGP support will be more profitable to stock up if you want increased capacity of computer graphics by installing an AGP card.
8. Bus speed for memory up to speed how (66,100,133,200,400 Mhz).
Nine. Is VGA cards and audio cards have onboard or not.
10. Mother Board Power Supply for AT or ATX or Baby AT.

All information above can be known from the existing manual book on the motherboard.
But some types of atautu Slot Socket for processor include:
1. Slot 1
2. Slot 2
3. Socket7
4. Slot A
5. Socket A
6. Socket 370
7. Socket 8
8. Socket 423

Slot1
Mother Board is created to support P-III Processor and Celeron
Slot2
The motherboard is designed to support the Pentium II Xeon Processor
Socket 7
Mother Board is created to support the AMD K6-2 processor, AMD K6-3 and Cyrix M-II and Pentium MMX.


Slot A
Mother Board is designed to support AMD Athlon Processor, AMD Thunderbird.
Socket A
Mother Board is created to support the AMD Processor, Athlon and AMD Duron.
Socket 370
The motherboard is designed to support Intel ® Pentium ® III (Tualatin and Coppermine) / CeleronTM
Socket 8
Mother Board is designed to support the Pentium ® II processor and Pentium ® Pro.
Socket 423
Mother Board is created to support the Pentium-4 Processor.
Motherboard Socket7

Slot 1 Motherboard

Motherboard for Pentium 4 Processor
Computer assemble
I. Preparation:
1. Prepare the necessary tools such as screwdrivers (+) and (-)
2. Make sure the computer in the dead (power off)
3. Keep all magnets from hard drives.
4. Keep water and liquid from the computer and its components.
5. Strongly recommended along with the manual install of the motherboard.

II. Installing Processor (Socket Type):
1. Lokasikan Zif socket and open it by pulling the socket handle up
2. Insert the CPU into the socket to maintain the state of the socket handle when entering CPU
3. When inserting the CPU must consider the proper orientation there specific instructions on pocessor and socket.
4. Push down the CPU socket and return the rod to its original position.
5. Place the heatsink on the CPU and attach pengikatnya correctly.
6. Cable Rangkaikan fan (fan) with the supply.

For Slot type

III. Installing memory
The number of memory slots from slots available depending on the motherboard. Methods of installing DIMMs (SDRAM):
1. Unbutton socket
2. Check the figures printed RAM
3. Enter into the SDRAM DIMM module slots
4. Key / Press back button

IV. Installing an AGP Card
1. Find Location AGP slot
2. Place the AGP port carefully, tap perpendicular to the plane motherboards.

3. Installation of other equipment on the PCI or ISA slots such as VGA Card, Sound Card etc. the same way with the installation of an AGP card. The difference is only type of slot is to be installed.
Article Source: Mobile Indonesia Community Forum http://www.forum-handphone.com/showthread.php?t=1741 Technician
Article Source: Mobile Indonesia Community Forum http://www.forum-handphone.com/showthread.php?t=1741 Technician
V. Installing a hard drive:
1. Find an IDE port on motherboard
2. Connect the cable to the IDE connector, note the red color on the cable is always connected to a special section marked on the IDE connector.


3. Connect the other end on the hard disk
4. Connect the supply cable hard drive (note the power supply socket pairs)
VI. Installing the Disk Drive:
1. Find FDD Port on Motherboard
2. Connect the cable to the FDD connector, note the red color on the cable is always connected to a special section marked on the FDD connector.
3. Attach the other end DiskDrive
4. Connect the supply cable Disk Drive (note the power supply socket pairs)

IX. Installing the Chassis Connector panel
Connect the existing ports with existing equipment such as keyboards, mice, monitors, etc.

X. Computer Switch
Before enabling the computer to connect the first supply of casing (220V) so as to monitor.
XI. BIOS settings
Setting things diperlukam to optimize the equipment installed on the motherboard. Software BIOS depends on the motherboard manufacturer.
Computer Troubleshooting
Errors or failure in assembling a computer are usually caused, among others:
1. Installation of memory that is not true, a good motherboard will give the sound a warning signal that the installation of incorrect memory. Check and set correctly.
2. Installation of the AGP or VGA Card less tight or just right, good motherboards will give a warning sound signal. Check and set correctly.
3. Installation of data cables for hard drives that do not fit or reversed. Or setting the position of Master or Slavepada hard drive that is not appropriate. Fix and check the hard disk jumper to the position of Master / slave and check with autodetect hard drive in the BIOS.
4. Data Cable Installation Disk Drive that does not fit or reversed. Fix
5. Installation of the panel connector is not exactly so that the lamp ndicator to the hard drive and Power On is not active. Fix.